The speech by President Bush in January, 2004, paved the way for renewed exploration of the Moon, the only extra-terrestrial body actually visited by humans. The Moon forms the foundation to a bold vision for using the Moon to go to Mars and beyond. However, there is a widely held perception that we have “done the Moon” with the 6 manned Apollo landers and the 3 Soviet robotic Luna landers, resulting in the return of samples from 9 different locations. This talk will give an overview of what we learned from the Apollo and Luna missions as well as what these mission did not tell us. It will also note the differences between this new era of lunar exploration and that of the Apollo/Luna era and point out Moon-Mars linkages as well as the opportunities for exciting new science that can be conducted on our only natural satellite.